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BACKGROUND
Indonesia has enjoyed strong economic growth over the past 15 years, which has contributed to improved educational and health indicators. Indonesia now has near universal access to primary education and youth literacy rates near 100%. Indonesia is also producing more high school and university graduates, and has made education compulsory and available to all children through grade 9, although financial constraints still force millions of Indonesian youth to curtail formal schooling, usually during the final years of primary school and during the Junior Secondary (years 7-9) cycle. Indonesia is also experiencing a ‘demographic dividend’ through 2025, during which its ratio of workers to non-economically active people will increase.
However, many Indonesian youth are not leaving formal education with the requisite skills and education to obtain work in the formal sector. More than half of employers interviewed in a recent study viewed this as the major constraint to employing youth in Indonesia.This situation contributes to levels of youth unemployment estimated at 19%, which is three times higher than the adult unemployment rate.This and other factors force millions of young Indonesians, particularly women, to migrate to other countries or to seek work in the informal sector- it is estimated that 70% of the economically active population works in the informal sector. This also contributes to increased crime, depression, and hopelessness among unemployed youth.
One alternative to working in the formal sector is to become self-employed by setting up a microenterprise. More often than not youth looking for jobs would prefer to work for the government or a multi-national company but despite this, 78% of youth realize that self-employment and entrepreneurship is their best employment option. The youth are correct in thinking this because 99% of all businesses in Indonesia are small or medium enterprises. Youth often do not have the knowledge or skills to start a business and are not confident to do so. They face serious challenges in getting assistance due to the lack of business development services available. Some service providers do exist but there are not enough of them, particularly in more remote areas. Youth also lack access to microfinance which is critical for the establishment of a business. The lack of microfinance was found to be the biggest obstacle mentioned by youth in starting a small
business.
In response to the youth unemployment issues, Plan Indonesia has implemented Youth Economic Empowerment (YEE) program since 2009. YEE is a global program developed by Plan International. The program has the objective to create opportunities and attract investments for youth empowerment and employment. This is done with a clear end-to-end approach in place consisting of four phases: pre-employment, selection, placement and post placement. The program in Indonesia is a first pilot (together with El Salvador) aiming for incorporating key learnings and then scaling up the program to other Plan offices around the world.
YEE particularly target disadvantaged youth and focuses on gender (target: 80% female participants) providing young women aged 15-24 with knowledge and skills to have the ability and confidence to either enter the labour market or run their own business.
The program consists of four major components including pre-employment competencies; technical and vocational education and training (TVET); microenterprise development (MED); and microfinance. The components will be implemented in an integrated, inclusive and multifaceted manner that utilizes the life-cycle approach recognizing the capacity of various age cohorts. The first three components of program will be implemented and managed by a core partner and consists of:
a. An initial capacity building for youth in the area of life skills, basic rights, literacy/numeracy, financial education and career counseling (pre-employment competencies). Following this, youth will choose whether to take an entrepreneurship training track or a TVET training track.
b. Youths who choose the TVET track will undergo training to qualify for specific jobs at previously selected private sector employers. The employers will have input into the curricula and minimum standards of training. An agreement between employers and Plan will outline employment terms/guarantees for graduates. Graduates will continue to be mentored and coached after the work starts.
c. The entrepreneurship training is designed to give trainees the skills they need to open and run a microenterprise. Savings and/or loans will be used to establish a business previously identified as a high potential sector by a value chain analysis. New entrepreneurs will continue to receive business development services and advice for the first year of their operations.
Both the TVET and entrepreneurship tracks will be supported through microfinance. A microfinance partner will provide microfinance services to youth parallel to, but in conjunction with, the entrepreneurship/TVET training and placement. Youth groups will be introduced to the microfinance partner, receive financial education and be able to access a portfolio of products specifically designed for youth including savings, education loans and loans for business start up.
The first YEE project has been implemented in district of Grobogan (Central Java) since early 2011 and successfully runs in 5 participating villages. With support from its corporate partner, Plan Indonesia will expand YEE into Rembang district (Central Java) and greater Surabaya (East Java).
The key principles for the program include partnership in order to allow for learning, scale-up, improved technical expertise, and sustainability; sustainability through market driven interventions, evidence based programming, and partnership; scale-upto make a wide impact for disadvantaged youth; gender and inclusion to ensure that young women, child workers, and the marginalized are economically empowered; and youth participation so that youth can have their voices heard.
The Youth Economic Empowerment (YEE) has astrong gender consideration as it is expected that 80% of the beneficiaries will be young women. There are several advantages and reasons for targeting young women as beneficiaries. Women often prove to be more financially responsible than men, women are more likely to invest increased income in household and family well-being, and economic empowerment can lead to improved gender equity.
In order to mainstream gender into the program, a proper gender analysis needs to be conducted. Gender analysis is important to examine gender issues in the entire cycle of a project or program. It enables us to analyze the ways in which women’s and men’s, or girls’ and boys’ experiences differ including their roles and responsibilities; who does what, who has what, who needs what; strategies and approaches and close the gap between what men and women in building a comprehensive picture of the existing situation. This will identify the lacks (that which is not there), gaps (that which is not enough) and mismatches (that which is not right) about gender in YEE contexts. In YEE contexts, the benefits to have the gender analysis include increased participation of female youth into the program, improved curriculum developed, increased numbers of female youth graduating from the training, strengthened job placement and micro business development
for female, etc.
Gender in a girl’s empowerment context could not be examined in vacuum. It is also important to see gender project in a more critical way, for example, what terms on which women gain access to resources – are these empowering or exploitative? What are the impacts of women’s greater access to resources on gender relations and norms? Therefore it is recommendedto do a gender analysis in YEE project. Results of gender analysis will be used in implementation, evaluation and monitoring to assess the differences in participation, benefits and impacts between males and females, including progress toward gender equality and changes in gender relations.
This TOR provides guideline to conduct an integrated survey to help YEE design and implement YEEprojects in Rembang and Surabaya. Plan is seeking consultant to conduct the survey.
OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of the study is to clearly describe the situation analysis in terms of gender, youth situation and key stakeholders that will be critical for Plan Indonesia to implement the Youth Economic Empowerment projects in Rembang district, Central Java and greater Surabaya, East Java.
Specific Objectives:
1. Study on youth employment situation and key stakeholders in Rembang district and greater Surabaya. This will include:
· Number of youth (15-24) disaggregated by gender, education attainment, rural and urban.
· Youth unemployment number.
· Key stakeholders (both government and non-government) in youth employment projects.
· Identify different organizations engaged in youth employment programs including their areas of operation, target groups, services provided and methodologies.
The study should also look at economic, social, cultural and regulatory factors as well as trends in youth employment in the two areas. Major issues in youth employment should be identified as well as barriers for youth entering employment and establishing microenterprises. Identify risks and challenges for those youth who are successfully employed or maintaining a microenterprise.
2. Provide comprehensive picture of the existing situation of gender in Rembang district and greater Surabaya within the YEE context. This will include:
· Collect sex disaggregated household, workplace and community data relevant to the project.
· Assess how the gender division of labor and patterns of decision-making would affect the project.
· Assess who has access to and control over resources, assets and benefits, including project benefits.
· Understand women’s/girls’ and men’s/boys’ different needs, priorities and strengths.
· Assess the barriers and constraints to women and men participating and benefiting equally from the project.
3. To assess the general situation of youth (especially female youth) in Rembang district and greater Surabaya to qualify them for employment as demanded by industry or to establish their own microenterprises. This will include:
* Key data of potential youth beneficiaries for the project in the two areas: age, education level, skills possessed, employment experience, family economic status, marital status and number of kids (if any), employment status, etc.
* Other relevant information on youth including:
a. Youth groups in the areas and their current activities
b. Their commitment and willingness to invest in forms of time, money, etc.
c. Acceptance of youth family and community with YEE projects in the two areas and also their expectation.d. Youth preferences on types of employment and micro business
METHODOLOGY
Phase 1 : Background Research and Desk Survey
1. The Consultant will conduct secondary research using existing reports from development organizations, government policies, Plan documents, etc to complete a situation analysis that develops a broad understanding of the youth employment situation particularlyin the target areas of Rembang district Central Java and greater Surabaya, East Java.
2. The Consultant will conduct secondary research using existing reports and analysis on specific organizations undertaking youth employment programs in the the two targeted project areas. The desk survey should include, but not be limited to, information available through email, internet and secondary information such as results of studies/research conducted by third parties. The survey will cover all of the main topics enumerated in the objectives above.
3. The Consultant will conduct secondary research using existing reports from development organizations, Plan documents, etc to complete a genderanalysis in the target areas of Rembang district Central Java and greater Surabaya, East Java.
Phase 2 : Targeted Primary Research
1. In order to complement, confirm and expand the findings in Phase 1, the Consultant will travel to target areas to interview youth, community, public and private oragnizations, and other key stakeholders regarding the youth employment environment, gender situation and youth readiness and willingness to invest to work.
EXPECTED OUTPUTS
The Consultant will complete a report that has three parts. The first part will fully outline the situation analysis for youth employment situation in the target areas. The second part will report on gender analysis in the two areas, and the third part will report on the youth assessmentin relation to youth readiness and willingness to invest to work.
The final report will be presented in English using Microsoft word and be approximately 30-50 pages in length. The report will contain all information gathered during the project. At least three hard copies with hard cover and one copy in CD of the final report will be provided to Plan International Indonesia.
To ensure that the report meet Plan’s expectations, the Consultant will first provide a draft report for Plan’s review. Once Plan has had the opportunity to provide comments and feedback, the Consultant will incorporate the necessary changes and submit the report.
PROJECT TIMEFRAME
Official Start : October 1, 2012
Completion Date : October 31, 2012
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR CANDIDATES
* Masters degree in economics or related field
* Advanced knowledge and understanding of the youth employment situation in Indonesia
* Advanced knowledge on gender analysis
* Knowledge and experience on the rights based approach to development
* Experience in program analysis and design.
* Excellent English skills, particularly writing skills.
APPLICATIONS
Interested consultant should send their Proposal, CV’s and list of past work experiences to:
Hery Nahampun: hery.nahampun@plan-international.org
Muchlis Ali: muchlis.ali@plan-international.org
Date line for proposal submission is September 14
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