Gender
and Disability in WASH Formative Study – Plan Indonesia
February
– May 2013
1.
Background
During the period of June 2010 to December 2012,
Plan Indonesia have implemented CLTS scaling up project in Grobogan district –
Central Java province that supported by Plan Australia and AusAID WSI Civil
Society Funding. The project targeted to establish ODF communities in 153
villages in 10 poorest sub-district in Grobogan. The final evaluation of this
project found that the project has achieved fruitful results and benefitted
around 384,115 people as the result of construction 17,000 new unsubsidized
toilets. Currently the Grobogan District government is replicating the project
approach to implement CLTS project in nine other districts using government-owned
budget.
Built upon the success and lessons learned from
CLTS scaling up project in Grobogan District, Plan Indonesia is now implementing
wider scale of CLTS project which is five pillars hygiene and sanitation project,
known as STBM, in five districts in NTT provinces. This project is planned to
be carried out for four years period from 2013 to 2017 and is aimed to reach
450,000 people in five districts in NTT province to practicing five pillars of
STBM[1].
NTT
province is lagging behind with the lowest sanitation coverage in Indonesia;
just 14.5%[2]. With a population of 4.7million, NTT
includes 19 of the poorest, least served districts in the country. Previous
WASH interventions in NTT have been concentrated within a small number of
districts. Recent health data research (Riskesdas)
compiled by MoH shows that open defecation is a feature of everyday life for
most of the NTT population where only 22% of households have an improved toilet
(based on JMP standards). The majority of households, 53%, have an unimproved
toilet. Plan staff observations affirm that open defecation is not only caused
by a lack of adequate toilet facilities but is compounded by extremely low
levels of knowledge of hygiene and a perception that toilets are expensive.
For the
next four years Plan Indonesia will invest on hygiene and sanitation sector
through local government in five districts in NTT, namely Manggarai Timur,
Ngada, Ende, Sabu Raijua and Kupang District. Starting from August 2013 to
(approximately) July 2017 Plan Indonesia will implement STBM project in order
to improve sanitation and hygiene situation in those five districts, with full
support from Pokja AMPL NTT Province. In line with Plan Indonesia’s Gender
Policy principle, the STBM project will promote women and men participation in
order to fulfil women’s strategic interest through STBM intervention. In addition
the STBM project will also empower people with disability (PWD) and their
communities therefore all people including PWD will have access to safe
sanitation and hygiene facility.
Throughout
the four years of implementation gender and disability becomes an important
aspect for STBM project. In order to gather general information regarding
gender and disability issues and to shape the strategy and approach to achieve
gender mainstreaming and disability inclusion target in STBM Project, Plan
Indonesia will conduct Gender and
Disability in WASH Formative Study. The study will mainly focus on specific
issues in relate to gender and disability that forbid all people in communities
able to have full access to safe sanitation and hygiene facilities.
2.
Common
Gender and Disability Issues in WASH
Equal
involvement of women and men has been correlated with improved sustainability
of WASH programs (Narayan 1995). A
study by the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) of community water
and sanitation projects in 88 communities also found that projects designed and
run with the full participation of women are more sustainable and effective
than those that do not. This supports an earlier World Bank study that found
that women’s participation was strongly associated with water and sanitation
project effectiveness. This is because women are primary users and
managers of WASH, so are well placed to contribute to planning, decision making
and management. As the result WASH projects can achieve positive outcomes for
women, men and relationships generally, increasing equity and creating
opportunities for participation.
However
many WASH projects in several places around the world, including in Indonesia,
still lacking of consideration to promote equal involvement and participation
between women and men. IWDA summarized that WASH projects traditionally fail
women and girls because they tend to:
·
Give little attention to women’s diverse
roles, perspectives and needs
·
Be based on ‘traditional’ assumptions about
women, uncritically accepted, not challenged
·
Are based on simplistic and linear
assumptions about motivations for change that do not match women’s perspectives
– e.g. the ways busy women value combinations of time, cost, convenience and
water quality may be more complex than assumed
·
Undermine women by overlooking them in WASH
planning – at a high cost for development at household level and beyond
·
Focus on short-term indicators of success –
finishing on schedule and within budget and meeting technical and quantitative
targets – lack of time to foster equitable participation and good listening
·
Tend to reinforce women’s domestic roles –
fail to foster male sharing of domestic responsibilities
·
Offer new opportunities to men
but not to women (e.g. training, new roles and responsibilities)
·
Tend to focus on women’s roles
as static rather than understanding the dynamic nature of gender relations and
therefore focusing on joint responsibility
·
Often overlook specific
sanitation needs of women and adolescent girls (e.g. lunar cycle)
·
Fail to understand issues of
women’s and girls’ specific need for privacy and safety
For disability aspect, the issue of disability inclusion remains a
challenge in sanitation and hygiene development in Indonesia. Plan Indonesia
sees that people with disability (PWD) are among the unrepresented groups
during the decision making process that affect their lives, especially related
to sanitation and hygiene improvement. This can be seen through the fact that none
of PWD within the water and sanitation committee at village level. The outputs
of many CLTS projects across the nation are generally in the form of
commonly-designed latrines, which are problem for PWD to utilize them.
Hand-washing with soap projects around Indonesia only promote the use of tippy
tap facilities that impossible to be used by people using wheel chair. Besides,
the socially and culturally constructed perception among the rural communities
perceives that the voice of those groups is not a part of consideration during
the village development process, including in sanitation and hygiene sector.
All common issues around
gender and disability in WASH sector previously described are likely to happen
in many part of the world. Some more culturally-context issues may emerge.
According to Plan Indonesia STBM situational analysis it is obvious that women
in NTT play less role in determining the availability of sanitation and hygiene
facilities at the household level, whereas PWD have barriers to easily access
sanitation facilities. In order to unfold reasons and factors of why such
issues are happening Plan Indonesia will further conduct Gender and Disability in WASH Formative
Study.
3.
Objective
Gender and Disability in WASH Formative Study will focus on
qualitative and quantitative data-gathering activities to obtain basic information pertaining
to gender and disability issues related to sanitation and hygiene. The
issues might be similar as afore mention however more contextual, specific and
analytical information are needed. This information will be used to shape strategy
and approaches for gender mainstreaming and disability inclusion aspect in STBM
project. These strategy and approaches will also be informed within the
Gender and Disability in WASH Formative
Study report as the final output.
4.
Scope,
Methodology and Consultants Tasks
Gender and
Disability in WASH Formative Study will be conducted in four months from February
to May 2014. It will be done in 5 districts, which are Manggarai Timur, Ngada,
Ende, Sabu Raijua and Kupang District. The consultant will need to consult with
district government and Plan Indonesia in selecting villages as samples for this
project. This part is very crucial as data and information gathering will not
be conducted in the village where project is not going to be implemented.
However some villages will still be needed to choose as the “designated”
control villages where no STBM project will be implemented in the next few
years. Some household surveys, community observation, primary data collection
and interview with key stakeholders will need to be done in order to gather
data and information.
Through the study consultants need to identify the key issues
pertaining to gender and disability issues specifically related to sanitation
and hygiene aspect. The data and information gathering process should deeply look
at communities’ culture as well as local behaviors, knowledge and practices so
that messages are relevant and clear. It should pay special attention to the
needs of vulnerable groups, especially children’s and adolescent girls.
Consultants need to
conduct sex-segregated FGD to understand gender issues at village level.
Simultaneously, deep interview to female and mutual observation to the
communities’ daily routine need to be conducted in order to see gender issues
particularly at the village level, meanwhile gender issues in government at
sub-district and district level are equally important to know. Separate female’s and male’s
groups at several steps in the process will allow both female and male to speak
freely, provide a safe space particularly for female to contribute equally, and
are conducive for discussing sensitive subjects. Issues discussed at each step
need to build on those arising from the previous step. This will ensure
relevance, enable each to listen to the others’ perspectives, and result in
enthusiastic engagement in the study process by both female and male.
Reflection back to the mixed group of each sex-segregated group’s findings at the
conclusion of each step will encourage learning between female and male, as
well as surfacing issues for debate and clarification.
Consultants need to consult
with PWD in order to unfold disability-related issue at the village level.
Consultants are expected to build questions into the demographic section
of the household survey to enable to identify people who are likely to
experience disability. The recommended approach for identifying people with
disability is the Washington City Group Questions. The demographic information
will then allow consultants to compare and contrast the responses of PWD with
the responses of people without disabilities. This will allow consultants to
examine if people with disabilities reported different levels of access and
participation to their community in general (depending on the scope of the
survey) as well as to sanitation and hygiene practices and community processes.
Consecutively, further interview, consultation and probing are required to
explore the reasons behind the different experiences of PWD in related to
sanitation and hygiene practice and participation.
While the understanding on gender mainstreaming and
disability inclusion is a must, consultants need to fully understand on the
concept of STBM as well as sanitation and hygiene promotion at the detail level
in order to develop proposed strategy and approach for gender mainstreaming and
disability inclusion in STBM project. Consultants will advise Plan Indonesia on
the best way to deal with gender and disability issues at any level therefore
equal and universal access to sanitation and hygiene facilities can be realized
through STBM project.
After variable of data are finalized consultants
will carry out data gathering activities through survey and interview as well
as observation if necessary. It is expected that five consultants will work
simultaneously to collect all information needed, which means each consultant will
responsible for one districts. At the end of data collection period one head consultant
will be responsible as the main report writer in which his/her final product is
the Gender and Disability in WASH
Formative Study report (including clarifying and following up with the
other consultants as needed). The report will also annex database containing
all data collected based on variable of data. The most important thing is all
the data are explainable in term of their collection method and source or specific
respondent from whom they are gathered. The detail task of consultants will be as
follow:
- Propose a proper methodology and discuss the suggestion with Plan Indonesia
- Propose tools to be used in the survey and discuss the suggestion with Plan Indonesia
- Responsible for field operations, including logistics, permission to conduct the survey, informed consent from individuals and families taking part in the survey if necessary
- Coordinate with Plan Indonesia staff in district during field survey implementation (if applicable)
- Collect, compile and analyze all data gathered and develop a final Gender and Disability in WASH Formative Study report.
At the end of study period Plan Indonesia will
present the result to the MoH and other necessary stakeholders in order to inform
gender and disability issues related to sanitation and hygiene in NTT.
5.
Outputs
and Deliverables
The consultants are expected to produce and submit
the following deliverables:
- Survey protocol specifying a detailed survey work plan and proposed survey tools that will be discussed and agreed upon prior to field activity.
- Presentations of initial findings after field activities have been concluded.
- Submission of a comprehensive final Gender and Disability in WASH Formative Study report in English (with one copy of the report in Bahasa) one week after receiving feedback from Plan Indonesia.
- Executive summary report for Gender and Disability in WASH Formative Study.
- Hardcopies of filled-in questionnaires (if available), interview transcripts and attendance lists, photos and other valuable survey materials.
6.
Schedule
and Location
The Gender and Disability in WASH Formative Study will be started in
the second week of February until the end of May. During that period
consultants need to meet Plan Indonesia to agree on survey tools as well as to
present the initial finding from field work. The field work will involve interview,
household survey and observation. Consultants are expected to develop detail
schedule for Gender and Disability in
WASH Formative Study implementation.
7.
Criteria
for Consultant Selection
Consultant interested in submitting a proposal should
have the following criteria:
1.
Possess equal composition of qualified
academic background, knowledge, experience and capacity to manage survey in
rural WASH sector, particularly gender and inclusion related.
2.
Have an extensive experience in managing gender
and disability study in the context of rural WASH and STBM.
3.
Demonstrate understanding and sensitivity on
cross-cultural, tradition and language of target community.
8.
Proposal
Submission
Interested consultant(s) can apply to conduct Gender and Disability in WASH Formative
Study as explain above by submitting full proposal to HRD.Indonesia@plan-
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